缅甸与越南之间的有哪些文化差异？

本作品由缅甸观察获得作者Aung San Maung 授权编辑发布，由Dino 编译，转载前请获得许可。

越南与缅甸之间的文化差异

Aung San Maung

东南亚的大陆国家（缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝、越南、马来西亚）在文化上极为相似。不过，这些国家之间也有着显著差异，尤其是当你拿越南与其他国家对比的时候。

下面让我来详述一下越南。越南是唯一一个受到中国长期影响和统治的东南亚国家。首先，越南在历史上有约1000年的时间受中国封建王朝的统治，直到公元939年结束。甚至在独立于中国之后，越南仍然保留了一些中国文化和行政上的影响。正是这些影响，使越南和其他东南亚国家有着鲜明对比。相比之下，缅甸受印度文化的影响更多，尽管缅甸人民最初来自于中国中部和西藏地区。

例如，越南的新年和中国春节（2月或3月）的时间大致相同，而缅甸的新年和泰国的新年（4月左右）的时间大致相同。

在17世纪一个传教士发明用罗马字表记的越南语字母表之前，越南的书面语言惯于采用汉字。

越南是唯一一个将筷子作为主要饮食器具的东南亚国家。缅甸和泰国一样，勺子和叉子用于礼貌场合，手用作乡村和家庭场合。

缅甸的宗教是小乘佛教（和泰国、柬埔寨、老挝相似），越南的宗教是大乘佛教（和中国西藏相似）。译者注：“乘”是指运载工具。大小乘之区别主要在于“小乘”把释迦牟尼视为教主和传教士，是唯一的佛，大乘则提倡三世十方有无数佛；“小乘”追求“自我解脱”，“大乘”宣传大慈大悲、普渡众生，以建立净土佛国为目标；在修习方面，小乘以“四谛”，十二因缘为主的修行方法，大乘主张以六度（即六种从生死此岸到达涅般木彼岸的方法或途径）为主的菩萨行。（来源：中国民族宗教网）

缅甸的传统建筑类似于泰国和老挝。越南的传统建筑（尤其是北部）更类似于中国传统的建筑或宫殿建筑。

还有很多其他的例子。最后的定论是：缅甸受印度文化的影响更深，而越南受中国文化的影响更深。

英文原文：

What is the cultural difference between Vietnam and Myanmar?

Aung San Maung

The mainland South East Asian countries (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia) are culturally quite similar. However, there are also quite distinct differences particularly if you compared Vietnam with other countries.

Let me elaborate on Vietnam. Vietnam is the only country in SE Asia that had long periods of Chinese influence and domination. First, Vietnam was a part of Imperial China for around 1,000 years until AD 939. Even after becoming independent from China, it retained some Chinese cultural and administrative influences. It is these influences that make Vietnam so distinct from other SE Asian countries. In comparison, more Indian cultural influences can be seen in Myanmar even though the Burmese people originally came from Central China/Tibet region.

For example, Vietnam New Year is aligned with Chinese New Year (Feb/March) where as Myanmar New Year falls into the same timeframe as New Year in Thailand (around April).

Vietnamese written language used to employ Chinese characters until a Jesuit priest invented Romanized Vietnamese Alphabet in the 17th Century.

Vietnam is the only SE Asian country to use chopsticks as the predominant eating utensil. In Myanmar, like in Thailand, spoon and forks are used for polite settings and hands are used for rural and home settings.

The Buddhist religion is in Myanmar is Theravada Buddhism (similar to that in Thailand, Cambodia and Laos). Buddhism is Vietnam is mainly of the Mahayana tradition (similar to China and Tibet).

The traditional architecture of Myanmar has some resemblance to that in Thailand and Laos. The traditional architecture of Vietnam (particularly in the North) has more of a resemblance to traditional or court Chinese architecture.

There are many other examples. The net is that culturally Myanmar has been more influenced by India where as Vietnam has had more of a Chinese influence.